How To Make Snow Biome Terraria, When A Food Recall Occurs The Operation Must, Jeter Un Mauvais Sort, Articles B

The New York City Construction regulation requires that underpinning will be planned by an expert specialist. The search for an explanation comes with a sense of urgency not only for sister buildings near the complex but also for a broad part of South Florida, where a necklace of high-rise condos, many of them decades old, sits on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean, enduring an ever-worsening barrage of hurricane winds, storm surge and sea salt. The floor sagged immediately, although the owners deemed it a cosmetic issue rather than a structural one. /F1 20 0 R /F1 20 0 R /Font << /F6 25 0 R In the field, a sensitive settlement plate was monitored for around half a year utilizing a depth caliper precise to 0.025 mm. >> 16 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 /Im1 31 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /Tabs /S It was proposed to be a seven-span 300m steel structure. The same idea holds for the reinforced concrete pilings deeply buried, vertical supports on which the entire building sat, said David Peraza, a structural engineer at Exponent, an engineering and scientific consulting firm. >> The plan was executed perfectly, and the alarm was turned off. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Unfortunately, it readily became apparent that the footings of the existing building, which consisted of decomposed rubble, did not offer sufficient resistance to the jacking loads. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. For example, foundation movements may have been responsible for a fractured external wall, but rainwater could penetrate the fracture causing dampness on the internal face of the wall. Ronan Point Tower, Canning Town,London, Major Problems in Concrete Pumping Works: How to Avoid Them? << 8 0 obj In the original design, potential wind loads for the building were calculated incorrectly. /F7 26 0 R /Tabs /S When two apartment complexes on Hutchins Road, one under construction and the other four years old, came down on the night of July 9, an entire family perished and eight others were homeless. The girders, though, were only one-third the height of the originally proposed trusses, which resulted in a disproportionate depth-to-width ratio. Issue: Flexibility and poor glass integrity. /Resources << Cold-formed Steel Beam Construction Failure. It stood for 40 years and it collapsed relatively suddenly, said Glenn R. Bell, director of Collaborative Reporting for Safer Structures, a program in the Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers. /Image78 63 0 R /Contents 62 0 R endobj /F9 19 0 R During the construction of the skyline plaza complex, one of the apartment buildings under construction collapsed. >> 333 500 556 278 0 556 278 833 556 500 The design plan of the Skyline Plaza complex included six office buildings, eight apartment buildings, shops, and one hotel. That means the floor slabs upon which apartments sat were made of concrete that was poured around horizontal lengths of rebar, or stout steel rods, that provided critical strength when the concrete cured. /F14 65 0 R The beams were provided by cutting into existing slabs. - The incidents have highlighted shoddy construction and violations of the building code, amid burgeoning demand for housing in many parts of India and endemic corruption. In extreme cases, the use of retaining walls should be considered. Collapse of buildings. 525 0 349 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /F6 25 0 R as well as other partner offers and accept our, Charles Phelps Cushing/ClassicStock/Getty Images. << /Count 13 /XObject << /F6 25 0 R As the tallest building in Boston, the John Hancock Tower (now simply known as 200 Clarendon Street) was mired in controversy even before it was built. Section of the building that did not collapse, Source: Champlain Towers public records documents, By Lazaro Gamio, Eleanor Lutz and Anjali Singhvi. >> Incredibly, it was the only structural element supporting the high-rise building. Location: Tacoma, Washington. /BaseFont /Helvetica The investigation revealed that the building was constructed using timber footings, a construction method common at the turn of the century. The answers could run the gamut, from design flaws to fabrication flubs to installation issues. /Name /F3 Reasons for the Failure of Foundation which may Cause Building Collapse: 01. /Type /Annot /F5 24 0 R /FontDescriptor 73 0 R /Contents 39 0 R The commission discovered the following critical observations: The following key factors describe the collapse of the multi-story building situated at 2000 Commonwealth Avenue: The collapse of a building is characterized as the propagation of an initial local collapse from component to component, ultimately resulting in the collapse of a whole structure or a disproportionately large portion of it. /Pattern << /F6 25 0 R /Type /Font Which is the code used for the design of the RCC Bridge? The structure collapsed because the excavation for the sewer line was carried out within the influence zone of timber footing. /F3 22 0 R /Type /Group The Injaka Bridge project was in a small town called Bushbuckridge in South Africa. >> >> 0 0 0 579 0 0 0 0 0 0 507 507 507 507 507 507] Lost your password? << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] On July 17, 1981, 114 people were killed and an additional 200 people injured when the fourth-floor elevated walkway collapsed, falling onto another walkway two floors down, and eventually into the lounge below. /FirstChar 32 0 0 0 0 0 636 0 0 0 0 /StructParents 3 /F9 19 0 R According to the New York City Building Code, when neighboring construction goes below the bottom of an existing footing, it is the responsibility of the neighbor doing the new construction to underpin the existing structure when their footings are more than 3.0 m below curb level. Many foundation fail just because of improper assessment of soil conditions existing to the site. /S /Transparency /Widths [352 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 endobj Soil erosion 3. Though building collapse is not peculiar to Nigeria, the trend in the country is becoming quite worrisome and a source of concern to stakeholders (Akinjare, 2012). 0 0 460] >> 0 0 0 0 0 500 556 444 556 444 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 0 /LastChar 122 Also, the adjacent post-tensioned reinforced concrete car parking structure collapsed. >> Some engineers looking at the failure of a 13-story condo tower in Florida said the collapse appeared to have begun somewhere near the bottom of the building. endobj /CS /DeviceRGB /F2 21 0 R After completion of the underpinning, the adjacent buildings were restored. 10 0 obj Most of the information about the disaster comes from ancient texts, such as ones by Tacitus and by Tiberius, but they tell a singular story: When 50,000 people flocked to Atilius' stadium to watch a gladiator fight, 20,000 of the audience members fell to their death as the seating collapsed. >> In 2015, a lawsuit alleged building management failed to maintain an outside wall, resulting in water damage and cracks. In the lab, the rate at which settlement could have occurred due to the secondary compression was estimated. /C [0.718 0.329 0.0] /S /Transparency After that, the construction was stopped, and the fully occupied residential building was evacuated. Only a few years later, the roof of the arena collapsed during a heavy rainstorm due to a case of prizing form over function. /F3 22 0 R /F3 22 0 R Despite this effort, the building continued to trouble the public. Fortunately, the collapse took a long enough time for most of the . /BaseFont /Times#20New#20Roman#2CBold /F2 21 0 R The most probable reason for the collapse of the building was the punching shear failure on the 23rd floor of the building. /Subtype /Link The interior work had also started on the lower floors. >> >> /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB /F3 22 0 R The millions of gallons rushed out of the tank at 35 mph, reaching heights of 25 feet at their peak. Join now! /Pattern << Building collapses are common in India due to - substandard materials - inadequate supervision in constructing multistorey structures. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] One last theory under consideration is the possibility that heavy construction next door in 2019 could have damaged the Champlain Towers building. The molasses had been warmed to reduce viscosity during transfer, but the warmer material, in addition to the rapidly warming air temperature, must have strained the tank itself. /Widths [226 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Do not use the rock outside your property for support of your structure, regardless of the apparent immediate savings. (Image credit: Public Domain) The St. Francis Dam was completed in 1926 to provide water for the booming population of . endobj Danger would emerge only if there had been something like a void or a sinkhole that had caused one or several piles to settle downward and left the others unchanged. >> /DescendantFonts [69 0 R] /Rect [0.0 763.81604 612.0 792.0] stream All 10,344 window panes were replaced by single-paned, heat-treated panels, helping inflate the cost of the project. /Font << 14 0 obj According to engineer Ronald Mayville, the tank was constructed poorly, with thin metal that proved brittle under certain circumstances. The experience due to the failure of Ronan Point Tower re-emphasized the following points: On 25th January 1971, a two-third portion of a 16-story residential building known as 2000-Commonwealth Avenue in Boston collapsed during construction, leading to the death of four workers. /F3 22 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] As excavation for the pits was proceeding, some movement was detected in the building directly east of the site. >> /Filter /FlateDecode If that were the case, he said, engineers should have dug deeper to find out what was causing the deterioration. Hence they need to be placed at a minimum depth. There was something very, very wrong with this situation.. /DecodeParms 77 0 R The bridge was famous for the way it swayed, twisted and dipped during heavy winds. Therefore, numerous close by structures settled, tilted, cracked, and moved along the side. For all practical purposes, construction operations came to a halt. /Group << /F2 21 0 R << << /BaseFont /ABCDEE+Calibri#2CItalic To re-establish the integrity of the vertical support, it was initially decided to underpin the structure. The video, which captures the southern side of the building, appears to be a recording of a screen playing the surveillance footage. /F5 24 0 R >> Use of vibratory equipment for pile driving should be avoided in loose sands and similar soils. It could be a product of natural disasters, for example, seismic tremors, floods, or coincidental acts such as an explosion in the service system or terrorist bombings. /F11 48 0 R At first, these flats were to be leased. Mr. Dusenberry, whose impressions matched those of several other structural engineers who examined the video, said such a failure would suggest a foundation-related matter potentially corrosion or other damage at a lower level. But he said it was not certain that corrosion was the culprit, and added that you certainly cant rule out a design or construction error that has survived for 40 years.. due to excess load, due to sliding or due to overloading. /Type /Font On January 25, 1971, two-thirds of a 16-story apartment building collapsed while under construction at 2000 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA. /Parent 3 0 R Construction is perhaps the most critical stage in the life cycle of structures, mainly because of the danger of failure and the high chances of underestimating construction loads. Only three levels of the planned eight were completed by the time a war broke out between city-states, which gave the foundation time to settle, possibly preventing a collapse while the building continued. /F4 23 0 R 29 0 obj >> /Type /Group Built in the early 1950s, the dam was built under supervision by Soviet engineers. endobj /Group << The incident occurred while concrete was being poured on the third floor of one building. 32 0 obj >> He added that investigators should also examine construction documents that describe exactly how the piles were built. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Group << x nH@ $@ That could have threatened the structure that sat atop those piles: columns in the underground parking garage. /Parent 3 0 R /XObject << Called progressive collapse, the gradual spread of failures could have occurred for a variety of reasons, including design flaws or the less robust construction allowed under the building codes of four decades ago, when the complex was built. Citicorp case study. Building Collapse Due To Foundation Failure Case Study | Best Writing Service KONTAK KAMI 1770 Finished Papers Rebecca Geach #15 in Global Rating Good things take time. The design was incapable of meeting the minimum safety requirements, but had gone unnoticed in the building process. and other Also, the piles were installed using a vibratory pile driver. Additionally, the building was originally designed in two halves, with one side only two stories and the other side three stories. /Type /Page /Type /Page /Type /Group yl2?/ b Oklahoma City Murrah Federal Building Bombing. Timber piles were provided for the foundation of this project. /Name /F8 Building Collapse Due To Foundation Failure Case Study 260 King Street, San Francisco Updated Courtyard facing Unit at the Beacon! 500 0 500 0 500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 500 444 500 444 /Subtype /Type1 21 0 obj After the damage occurred, inclining supports as a brace were added for lateral support. /XObject << No head or representative of the team of contractors held a building construction license of Boston city. The real issue, though, was that the building expanded and contracted wildly due to differences in temperature inside and outside of the building. /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /Annot >> In the North End neighborhood of Boston, the Purity Distilling Company stored molasses for transfer to a facility dedicated to fermenting molasses to produce ethanol. Failure Dened The rst study by the writers, cited in the previous section, which became the foundation for this paper, discovered 65 cases of building failures that occurred between 1977 and 1981, while the second study retrieved 46 cases of building failures that took place between 1982 and 1988. The concave shape of building meant that when sunlight shone directly on it, it acted as a mirror and focused the light onto the street below. /F1 20 0 R But this proved futile because of the impermeable nature of the soil existing at this location. /FontDescriptor 67 0 R Queens apartments were constructed over a marshy land. 16 0 R 17 0 R 18 0 R] /Contents 52 0 R However, she got a lot more than she'd bargained for. This research study involves a case of foundation failure. endobj %PDF-1.7 St. Francis Dam (1928) Photo of the St. Francis Dam before it was destroyed. /Type /Font >> >> The corrosion of reinforcing steel identified in that report could have been a critical issue if it occurred on or near the supporting columns and was pronounced enough, Mr. Dusenberry said. Failure to conduct curing test on the concrete specimen in the field. 0 684 616 732 0 0 0 0 0 0 Residents brought a lawsuit against the US Industrial Alcohol Company, which owned Purity Distilling at the time. /Contents 54 0 R Explanation Causes of Failure The drivers of structural failure can include design defects by engineers or architects, incorrect or substandard construction materials, inspection failures to identify building and. >> Design criteria were also changed for effective planning to reduce the possibility of failure due to progressive collapse. /F2 21 0 R /Tabs /S /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 333 333 Initially, it was anticipated that the excavation would be through gneiss rock, which is sound rock. Please enter your email address. << Rick De La Guardia, an engineer based in Miami with experience in forensic investigation of building component failures, said that the collapse could have also started higher than the foundation, possibly on the second floor, based on his cursory review of the columns in the floor plans and his review of the video. /F10 37 0 R According to Haaretz News, the main issue was the Pal-Kal building method, a cheap method of constructing light-weight concrete that was banned shortly after the incident. Likewise, the columns that held up the slabs were created by pouring concrete around vertical stretches of rebar. Many buildings were demolished well ahead of their life span. Case study Structure building collapse - CASE STUDY SKAA3243/SKAB 3243 - Theory of Structures - Studocu case study building collapse need to investigate why it fall. After the collapse, a team from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) came to the site and started an investigation. In what is Israel's deadliest civilian disaster, the floor of the Versailles wedding hall in Jerusalem collapsed during the wedding of Keren and Asaf Dror in 2001, dropping 23 attendees to their deaths and injuring hundreds more. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] The event was captured on camera and broadcast internationally, spreading images of the horrific scene around the globe. /LastChar 118 /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding 13 0 obj The weeks ahead will involve a meticulous dig to unearth clues that Mr. Dusenberry likened to an archaeological excavation. The Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted back and forth in strong winds before collapsing in 1940. /F10 37 0 R Authorized design engineers should be chosen for the development of working drawings for construction. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] All Rights Reserved. Lost your password? Instead, a cheaper option using plate girders gained approval. Local police chief Norman A. Caron said it was "the worst disaster" in his 25 years as a police officer. The field data suggested settlements about twice those indicated by the laboratory data. /Name /F4 NBS and OSHA mentioned in their reports that the collapse of the building was directly related to poorly managed construction processes. Just prior to freezing the soil, a cross-lot bracing system was installed. By Lazaro Gamio, Evan Grothjan, Eleanor Lutz and Anjali Singhvi, It does appear to start either at or very near the bottom of the structure, said Donald O. Dusenberry, a consulting engineer who has investigated many structural collapses. /Type /Font /F1 20 0 R Thus, the strength of soil supporting the vertical support was lost and the building collapsed due to settlement. Ambition often outstrips reason when it comes to building. The other reasons for foundation failure are discussed below:1. Half of the third floor, then was only meant to be a roof and lacked structural strength. >> /Group << Common failures with proper assurance of competent professionals . /F11 29 0 R x=koFEcIEn!W[rnCK"j7CWWyn_~u]vvKd__wecYcY-Y%d"E/lp i^OeR5OQp.*X %WU_>YaZ.s?^VWy_i/K7P gK35yT2i. /F1 20 0 R endobj /LastChar 32 /Creator (Nitro Pro 9) Construction Vibration There are several ways that harmful vibration levels due to construction activities can cause damage to neighboring . Anyone can read what you share. /CS /DeviceRGB /F7 26 0 R /StructParents 6 The concept of progressive collapse of structures was not much known to the engineers before the failure of the Ronan Point Tower. 389] Because of the unprecedented collapse, the government examined the safety of other buildings constructed using the same concept as the Ronan Point Tower. the deadliest modern building collapse until the September 11 attacks in New York City, and the deadliest non-terror-related building collapse until the 2013 Savar building collapse near Dhaka, Bangladesh [4]. THE NORTHCAP UNIVERSITY Follow Advertisement Recommended case study on types of falulier Abhishek Mangukiya 1.8k views 14 slides Foundation Failure presentation - halabja university Hussein Abbas 375 views 22 slides /F9 19 0 R The collapse of the building occurred in three stages. The chief designer of the dam, Chen Xing, was vocal that the design was flawed, though. Designed for classroom use, each case study contains a brief summary, lessons learned, and references to key sources. The winds were so strong they were blamed for blowing over street signs, trolleys, and pedestrians. On 27 June 2009, a 13-storey building founded on pretensioned spun high-strength concrete piles suddenly collapsed in Shanghai, China. >> /F1 20 0 R A crucial clue is still unknown, Professor Bentz said, and that would probably be found under the debris where the collapse seemed to start.. /F2 21 0 R /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Group << /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 556 0 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500] /F7 26 0 R /F4 23 0 R /F2 21 0 R Cost . Issue: Rushed construction, untested integrity. Like a nightmarish avalanche, the failure quickly spread and brought down the entire center of the building. When you join you get additional benefits. /S /Transparency Additionally, the building caused increased wind activity at the street level. /Type /Group Building Collapse Due To Foundation Failure Case Study - ID 13337. . All boards can do is rely on the advice of the professional advisers that they engaged.. Improper inspection during casting and formwork removal to check the strength of concrete. /F2 21 0 R 0 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 >> /Subtype /TrueType A total of more than 200,000 people died as a result of the catastrophe. The result can be irreparable damage such as concrete slab shifting and settling, cracks on foundation walls, shifting of the foundation structures, and/or loss of structural support of framing members. The brickwork was finished up to the sixteenth floor, and the structure was generally encased from the second to the fifteenth floor. One notable venue for gladiator games was an amphitheater erected in Fidenae at the bidding of an entrepreneur named Atilius. Shrinkage and swelling of soil 5. 5 Disastrous Foundation Failures in New York City, Top 6 Energy-Efficient High-Rise Buildings in the World. The main objective of. While no definitive conclusions could be drawn from the surveillance video, which was shot from a distance and reveals only one perspective of the disaster, some of the engineers reviewing it last week said it seemed to suggest that the failure began at a specific point near the bottom of the structure perhaps as far down as the parking garage beneath the building, or on the first few floors. endobj The Washington Post reported Friday that an engineer called the state to report cracking two days . /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /F6 25 0 R endobj An altogether too-small limestone base of only 3 meters deep was built into a dense clay bed, which meant the tower was never going to last. Guam is subjected both to strong . /F7 26 0 R >> The curved design of the Vdara Hotel in Las Vegas, designed by Rafael Violy, basically turned the building into a giant magnifying glass, intensifying light so much that it harmed hotel guests and earned it the nickname "Death Ray Hotel.". The easterly wall of the building was not a standard concrete wall but was actually a rock face with stucco finish. On January 15, 1919, a tank containing 2.3 million gallons of molasses burst and flooded the neighborhood. << A skyscraper at Ronan Point, Canning Town, UK, was built using this system building technique. Most subcontracts were given directly by the owner to the subcontractors and bypassed the general contractor. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Adjacent structures must be carefully monitored during underpinning operations, so if and when movements are detected, changes in methods or procedures can be implemented. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Taj Mahal: Construction of its Invincible Foundation, Venice: Foundation Details of the Biggest Floating City in the World, 10 Most Common Reasons of Foundation Failure. Cracks were observed in both exterior and interior walls. The foundation of the building failed, sending the structure into a canal on Saturday, June 13, 2020. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] endobj The 1968 collapse of Ronan Point, a 22-story tower in the UK, is an early example of a progressive collapse. /Group << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] >> Here are a few examples of when engineering and structure utterly failed, and the destruction they caused. 26 0 obj Failure case studies in civil engineering: structures, foundations, and the geoenvironment Short descriptions of 50 real-world examples of constructed works that did not perform as intended. Work finally ceased in the 1600s, but additional reinforcements have been added as needed over the centuries to the current structure. alarming evidence of major structural damage, Champlain Towers public records documents. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Collapse of a building due to ineffective bracing 1.1 Restoration Measures The structure collapsed because the excavation for the sewer line was carried out within the influence zone of timber footing. << /Type /Page endobj Select a countryland IslandsAfghanistanAlbaniaAlgeriaAndorraAngolaAnguillaAntarcticaAntigua and BarbudaArgentinaArmeniaArubaAustraliaAustriaAzerbaijanBahamasBahrainBangladeshBarbadosBelarusBelauBelgiumBelizeBeninBermudaBhutanBoliviaBonaire, Saint Eustatius and SabaBosnia and HerzegovinaBotswanaBouvet IslandBrazilBritish Indian Ocean TerritoryBritish Virgin IslandsBruneiBulgariaBurkina FasoBurundiCambodiaCameroonCanadaCape VerdeCayman IslandsCentral African RepublicChadChileChinaChristmas IslandCocos (Keeling) IslandsColombiaComorosCongo (Brazzaville)Congo (Kinshasa)Cook IslandsCosta RicaCroatiaCubaCuraaoCyprusCzech RepublicDenmarkDjiboutiDominicaDominican RepublicEcuadorEgyptEl SalvadorEquatorial GuineaEritreaEstoniaEthiopiaFalkland IslandsFaroe IslandsFijiFinlandFranceFrench GuianaFrench PolynesiaFrench Southern TerritoriesGabonGambiaGeorgiaGermanyGhanaGibraltarGreeceGreenlandGrenadaGuadeloupeGuatemalaGuernseyGuineaGuinea-BissauGuyanaHaitiHeard Island and McDonald IslandsHondurasHong KongHungaryIcelandIndiaIndonesiaIranIraqIsle of ManIsraelItalyIvory CoastJamaicaJapanJerseyJordanKazakhstanKenyaKiribatiKuwaitKyrgyzstanLaosLatviaLebanonLesothoLiberiaLibyaLiechtensteinLithuaniaLuxembourgMacao S.A.R., ChinaMacedoniaMadagascarMalawiMalaysiaMaldivesMaliMaltaMarshall IslandsMartiniqueMauritaniaMauritiusMayotteMexicoMicronesiaMoldovaMonacoMongoliaMontenegroMontserratMoroccoMozambiqueMyanmarNamibiaNauruNepalNetherlandsNetherlands AntillesNew CaledoniaNew ZealandNicaraguaNigerNigeriaNiueNorfolk IslandNorth KoreaNorwayOmanPakistanPalestinian TerritoryPanamaPapua New GuineaParaguayPeruPhilippinesPitcairnPolandPortugalQatarRepublic of IrelandReunionRomaniaRussiaRwandaSo Tom and PrncipeSaint BarthlemySaint HelenaSaint Kitts and NevisSaint LuciaSaint Martin (Dutch part)Saint Martin (French part)Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesSan MarinoSaudi ArabiaSenegalSerbiaSeychellesSierra LeoneSingaporeSlovakiaSloveniaSolomon IslandsSomaliaSouth AfricaSouth Georgia/Sandwich IslandsSouth KoreaSouth SudanSpainSri LankaSudanSurinameSvalbard and Jan MayenSwazilandSwedenSwitzerlandSyriaTaiwanTajikistanTanzaniaThailandTimor-LesteTogoTokelauTongaTrinidad and TobagoTunisiaTurkeyTurkmenistanTurks and Caicos IslandsTuvaluUgandaUkraineUnited Arab EmiratesUnited Kingdom (UK)United States (US)UruguayUzbekistanVanuatuVaticanVenezuelaVietnamWallis and FutunaWestern SaharaWestern SamoaYemenZambiaZimbabwe, By registering, you agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Policy .*.